A DEMONSTRABLE IMPOSSIBILITY:

The HSCA Forensic Pathology Panel’s Misrepresentation of the Kennedy Assassination Medical Evidence
by John Hunt

Introduction

The House Select Committee on Assassinations' (HSCA) Forensic Pathology Panel (FPP) sought to identify and locate as precisely as possible any exit wounds on John Kennedy’s head, including that of the bullet it determined entered the rear of the President’s head. To accomplish that, the FPP utilized the only hard evidence available to it—the X-rays and photographs taken during Kennedy’s autopsy. Mysteriously, the President’s brain and the tissue slides of the wound margins prepared after the autopsy (which had been preserved for further study) have disappeared. The only organic matter from JFK’s body remaining in evidence today is the dried blood in the fabric of the clothing he wore that day, and possibly the human skin and tissue associated with CE-567.[1]

The X-rays – Four radiologists were consulted by the FPP over a six-month period beginning in February 1978.[2] None reported an identifiable exit point.[3] The closest an HSCA radiology consultant came to claiming to identify an outshoot point was Dr. David Davis, who reported:

It seems apparent that explosive impact occurred in this calvarium. It also seems reasonable to assume that the exit point is near the coronal suture on the right side, about 5 or 6, or perhaps slightly more, cm above the pterion. (7HSCA224) [emphasis added]

Why it “seem[ed] reasonable” to Davis “to assume that the exit point” was anywhere is left entirely to the imagination of the reader, for Davis never explained the rationale upon which he based his assumption. Davis’ unsupported and equivocal speculation not withstanding, the X-rays did not reveal any outshoot points. That left the FPP with only the photographs to make their determination.

The Photographs – The official inventory reveals but four photographic poses that speak to possible exit wounds. The first three consist of views taken from the upper right side, lower right side, and directly from the top of the head. These photographs were apparently taken at the outset of the autopsy before the autopsy prosectors had performed any manipulation of the head.[4] The FPP outlined the most definitive inferences they could draw from these photographic series:

(312)  The panel examined photographs of the face and head of President Kennedy, taken  from the front and to the right including black and white prints No. 5 and 6 and color transparencies and prints Nos. 26, 27, and 28. These reveal a series of lacerations, described within the autopsy report as extending from an area in the right parietal region, anteriorly to the right frontal region, to a point 1 to 2 centimeters below the hairline; inferiorly and to the right, almost to the upper border of the tragus of the ear; and posteriorly toward the occipital region and to the left across the midline. There is a large skin flap in the right frontal region anteriorly and laterally, with two fragments of an anterior compound fracture of the calvarium of the skull deflected outward and toward the right ear. (7HSCA117)

Unfortunately, these autopsy photographs of the head, hair, and disrupted scalp did not reveal a point of exit.[5]

The fourth series, those taken of the cranium after reflection of the scalp and removal of the calvarium and brain held the potential to reveal the location of an exit wound on the skull itself. Of this series, the FPP wrote:

(315)  Black and white photograph No. 17 and color transparency and print No. 44 are closeups of the margins of the fracture line in the right frontoparietal region after reflection of the scalp. On the margins of this fracture line is a semicircular defect which appears to be beveled outward, although the photograph is not in sharp focus. Computer-assisted image enhancement of this photograph revealed the defect more clearly [emphasis added]. (7HSCA118)

The No. 17 and 44 photographs are extreme close-ups of some part of a skull, and evidence a semi-circular lacuna along the edge of the fractured bone margin closest to the camera. The FPP concluded that this notch was caused by an exiting bullet based on the perceived presence of outward beveling of the bone.[6] Assuming for the moment that the photograph indeed depicts an outward bevel created by an exiting bullet (and I doubt that is the case), this makes the FPP orientation of the photograph, and thus the anatomic orientation of the “exit” of paramount importance; if that “exit bevel” were to be located at the back of the head, that would spell conspiracy with a capital “C”.

The FPP claimed the photograph depicts the “right frontoparietal region” of the skull, which covers the entire right front side of the skull. Yet at no point in their FPP Report or during FPP Chairman Michael Baden's public testimony was it explained or justified how they came to that most crucial of conclusions. What the reader gets in place of a detailed accounting is a stand-alone conclusion, untethered to any analysis or explanation. As such, we are expected to take it on faith alone that the FPP came to the correct conclusion.

In the final analysis, that particular series of photographs is so poorly executed that it defies definitive anatomic orientation to this day. Therefore, even if the FPP is correct that an exit bevel is present in the photographs, no one can say for sure where on the head it is located. [6b]

The FPP depicted “approximately” where they believed that exit bevel/bullet hole to be located in their Figure F-58:

Figure H-1 (FPP F-58) [7]
(click any figure for larger version)

Figure H-1 (F-58) shows the FPP “exit” on the coronal suture several centimeters above the right pterion,[8] near the right stephanion.[9] But just how did the FPP come to this keystone outshoot conclusion? According to the FPP:

The bullet exited in the top front area of the skull (right frontoparietal portion) adjacent to the coronal suture. There is a considerable loss of bone in the area where the bullet exited, with multiple fractures extending from the defect. In the photographs, part of the perimeter of the 2.5 centimeters, beveled exit hole is visable [sic] along the margin of the defect and is somewhat larger than the diameter of the bullet itself. On the basis of these photographs and simulated skull reconstruction, the panel was able to determine the location of the point of exit within a reasonable margin of error [emphasis added].[10]

Here we find one of the most arresting mysteries surrounding the work of the FPP, for the above conclusion was not entirely written by the FPP members! In fact, it differs materially from the wording in the Final Draft the FPP actually endorsed which read: “[t]he photographs do not include sufficient anatomic detail for precise measurement”[11] [emphasis added]. That sentence evidenced the inconclusive nature of the photographic analyses and was approved by the FPP majority members. Mysteriously, that conclusion was removed after the FPP members endorsed the final draft of their Report and prior to its publication in March 1979 in Volume VII. I located a copy of the “final draft” of the FPP Report (dated December 1, 1978) at the National Archives in June 2001. The language the FPP members actually endorsed read:

The bullet exited in the top front area of the skull (right fronto-parietal portion) adjacent to the coronal suture.  There is a considerable loss of bone in the area where the bullet exited with multiple fractures extending into the intact skull from the defect.  The Panel cannot determine the precise point of exit within this large defect because the autopsy measurements were not specified in relation to fixed reference points. 

In the photographs, part of the perimeter of the exit hole is visible along the margin of the defect and is somewhat larger than the diameter of the bullet itself.  The photographs do not include sufficient anatomic detail for precise measurement.  On the basis of these photographs and simulated skull reconstruction, however, the Panel was able to determine the location of the point of exit within a reasonable margin of error [emphasis added to show portions excised in published version.] (HSCA RN 180-10100-10232, pgs. 130, 131)

The equivocal language, “[t]he Panel cannot determine the precise point of exit within this large defect because the autopsy measurements were not specified in relation to fixed reference points” was removed. With it went indications of uncertainty on the part of the FPP.

The conclusion that “[t]he photographs do not include sufficient anatomic detail for precise measurement” was also removed. In its place, the wording “2.5 centimeters, beveled” was inserted before the phrase “exit hole”. Notice also that the word “visible” is correctly spelled in the FPP-endorsed final draft.

To date, I have been unable to determine who made the changes to the FPP final draft, but the list of candidates is short (see endnote (31)).

When all was said and done, the photographs and X-rays did not reveal the precise location of any bullet exit point or points. As a result, the FPP was left in an awkward position; the Panel had no outshoot.

Recovered Skull Bone Fragments

The FPP did not yet have a viable outshoot point. They did, however, have a plan utilizing additional pieces of the puzzle—fragments of bone ejected from President Kennedy’s head during the assassination and later recovered. We’ve come to know these as the Harper and Triangular fragments.

The Harper Fragment - William Harper found a portion of Kennedy’s skull on November 23, 1963 while taking pictures in Dealey Plaza, the site of the assassination. Harper brought the fragment to his uncle, Dr. Jack Harper, who brought it to Dr. A.B. Cairns, chief of pathology at Methodist Hospital, Dallas Texas. The fragment was subsequently turned over to the FBI who examined the fragment,[12] then turned it over to George Burkley,[13] White House Physician to the President. From there the fragment disappeared from the official record. Indeed, the Harper fragment’s ultimate disposition and whereabouts remain unknown today.

Fortunately, before the Harper fragment was turned over to the FBI, Cairns brought it to M. Wayne Balleter, a medical photographer at Methodist Hospital who made quality color slides of both sides of the fragment (see Figure H-2).

Figure H-2. Exterior (left) and interior (right) surfaces of the Harper fragment.[14]

The FPP would later make the dubious claim that they perceived exit beveling on this fragment.

The Triangular Fragment - Three pieces of skull bone were brought to the Bethesda morgue around midnight while JFK’s autopsy was still underway. They were X-rayed[15] but not photographed (see Figure H-3).

Figure H-3. Photograph of an X-ray of three skull fragments recovered and apparently delivered to the morgue while Kennedy’s autopsy was still in progress.[16]

It was at one corner of the Triangular fragment that the autopsy prosectors reported beveling of the exterior surface, indicative of an exit point (red circle in Figure H-3 above).[17] Additionally, X-rays of the fragment revealed lead deposits at that location, a strong indication that a bullet or fragment exited at that point.

Baden, Davis, Dox, the Bone Fragments, and a Skull Model

The medical evidence did not reveal a single, specific exit point, but rather, according to the FPP, three disparate indications of exit:

1.  Exit beveling along the perimeter of the skull defect (photograph[18])

2.  Exit beveling (autopsy report[19]) and lead fragments on the Triangular fragment (autopsy report and X-rays[20])        

3.  Exit beveling on the Harper fragment (photograph[21])

The anthropologic/pathologic/radiologic question before the FPP became, “what is the relationship of the three ‘exits’ to one another, if any, and to the skull itself?” In search of answers those questions, the FPP sought to determine the anatomic origin of the various skull fragments. To that end, the FPP reasoned that if a radiologist could define the shape of the defect in the skull as seen in the extant X-rays, that damage could then be replicated on a human skull similar in size and shape to JFK’s. The FPP further reasoned that full-scale paper tracings of the Harper and Triangular skull bone fragments could be constructed and then anatomically repositioned within the existing defect. This accomplished, the FPP would have created a full-scale replication of the damage pattern on Kennedy’s skull, and the location of the three exit points would be identified. A potential finding of conspiracy hung in the balance, for if any exit points were located at the back of the head, the official single assassin, Lee Oswald, could hardly have been culpable.

In August 1978, HSCA radiology consultant Dr. David O. Davis instructed Dr. Michael Baden and either directly, or by extension, HSCA medical illustrator Ida Dox on the location and shape of the defect on President Kennedy’s skull per the extant X-rays.[22]

Dox explained the skull reconstruction process to the HSCA:

[A] skull was used that had the dimensions of the President’s and the photographs of the retrieved bone fragments were traced to get the outline. This paper was cut out along the outline and taped on the skull in the position that the X-rays indicated there was bone missing, and from this paper and skull reconstruction I made my drawing.
Another example of reconstruction would be the way the fractures on the skull were placed, by studying very carefully the X-rays, and as I said before, in close consultation with the medical panel, particularly Dr. Baden. (1HSCA148)

Ida Dox was intimately involved the skull reconstruction project. Her odd reaction to my questions concerning that subject during our second and final telephone conversation is discussed in the epilogue that closes this essay.

The FPP’s Skull Reconstruction and Outshoot Claim

The FPP completed its skull reconstruction exercise and described the manipulations of the bone fragments, which was instrumental in the formation of its HSCA-adopted gunshot headwound pattern conclusions. The following paragraph represents the entire FPP explanation of their skull reconstruction efforts and conclusions: 

Attempted reconstruction of the skull fractures

(324) Paper cutouts were prepared to approximate the shape and size of the bone fragments demonstrated in X-rays Nos. 4, 5, and 6 [the three skull fragments brought to the Bethesda morgue during the course of Kennedy’s autopsy] and the photograph of the “Harper bone fragment.” The panel attempted to locate the correct position of these fragments and then, using the paper cutouts, to place these bone fragments on a human skull for the purposes of reconstruction. The largest of the X-ray fragments—that on which outer beveling and tiny metal fragments are evident—completes a portion of the exit perforation, with the suture line fitting into the coronal suture; the Harper bone fragment completes the circular perforation in the suture line immediately superior to the temporal bone. No other exit or entrance perforation is identified. (See fig. 29 [JFK F-66, see Figure H-4 below]), a scale drawing of the frontal and right, side of a human skull, which shows the displaced bone fragments and the extensive fragmentation of the skull.) [emphasis added]. (7HSCA124)

The FPP claimed that both the Triangular and Harper skull fragments marked the exit point of a bullet or bullet fragment.[23] This point is critical; the FPP claimed that the Harper and Triangular fragments adjoined one another and completed a single bullet exit hole at the coronal suture on the right front side of President Kennedy’s skull. In other words, the three disparate exit points actually fitted together, representing a single exit site. The FPP justified this conclusion by stating that they “attempted to locate the correct position of these fragments and then, using the paper cutouts [of the Triangular and Harper fragments], to place these bone fragments on a human skull for the purposes of reconstruction.”

The FPP published the following illustration (created by HSCA medical illustrator, Ida Dox) representing their version of the skull defect:

Figure H-4. Exhibit F-66, the FPP version of the damage to John Kennedy’s skull as derived from the X-rays and skull model exercise.[24]

The ejected bone fragments in the above drawing were said by Dr. Baden to have been “drawn to scale in relation to each other, but not to the skull.”[25] Additionally, the positioning of the fragments in the illustration does not appear to actually represent the ejection pattern as the FPP defined it.

The Vanished FPP Skull Model

The actual human skull upon which Ida Dox drew the skull defect, and to which she and Baden taped the paper bone fragment, and upon which the FPP based major conclusions was never introduced into evidence before the HSCA. No likeness of it was produced in the HSCA Report or in any supporting volumes, including Vol. VII containing the FPP Report. Indeed, the skull model’s existence is known only from Baden and Dox’s testimony, and from the brief passage in the FPP Report referenced above. After I realized that the FPP outshoot claim was suspect, I began to search for the unseen skull. A promising lead was quickly developed; a “skull model” associated with the HSCA was housed at National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) in Maryland.[26]

Excited, I contacted NARA JFK Special Access and FOIA staff member, Matt Fulgham. I explained the claims made by the FPP regarding their skull reconstruction process using the human skull. I told Fulgham that I suspected the NARA “skull model” was the skull in question. I asked what would it take for me to be able view the skull. Fulgham replied that the skull was classified as an “artifact” as opposed to a “record”, and due to its delicate nature, it would be extremely difficult to justify handling it such that I might view it.[27] I said to Fulgham, “I might be able to save everyone a lot of trouble. If the skull is not the one I’m looking for, I won’t need to see it. If, however, the skull has an exit portal drawn on it, and/or there are four loose pieces of paper representing the bone fragments in the box, I will definitely want to see the skull.” I asked Fulgham if he would be willing to open the box containing the skull and tell me what he saw. He agreed and put the phone down on the desk while I waited. Several minutes later Fulgham returned, reporting that the skull was marked with a “red pen” as I described it, and that there were “loose pieces of paper in the box.” I was ecstatic! I’d found the skull! Now I had to persuade NARA to let me view and photograph it during an already-scheduled upcoming trip to the Archives. Fulgham promised to send a letter informing me what I had to do to justify viewing the skull.

Several days later the letter from Fulgham arrived. In it were outlined three criteria that I had to satisfy in order for the JFK staff to consider my request. The most important of these was to demonstrate that no documentation (photographs) of the “skull model” existed, and if they did, why they did not meet my research needs. I replied with an 8-page request that satisfied fully the criteria set out by NARA. Yet my request was denied not on its merits, which were solid, but for reasons not remotely related to the original NARA criteria. In essence, NARA set up a field goal and told me to kick the ball through the uprights. I complied and the ball was headed squarely through the goal posts. Then, while the ball was in mid-flight, NARA moved the uprights and I “missed.” Needless to say, I was not at all happy with NARA’s tactics.

In NARA’s letter of rejection were outlined new criteria. Accordingly, yet with trepidation, I submitted a revised request jumping through the new hoops. Again, and incredibility, the JFK staff at NARA refused to cooperate. I had demonstrated in spades that no known documentation of the NARA “skull model” as described by Fulgham existed anywhere, and NARA never disputed that fact. I ended my second request with an emotional plea where a strictly clinical approach had previously failed. I wrote:

The delicate, dry, organic human skull upon which the HSCA Forensic Pathology Panel based its alleged wound pattern conclusions will continue to deteriorate over time, eventually turning to dust. As no known documentation of the “skull model” exists, this irreplaceable and historically significant artifact will eventually crumble in the dark. It would be a tragedy to let pass this opportunity to preserve the irreplaceable skull model through photography. If my request, the first such request in the twenty-three years since the model's creation, is again denied, only God knows how long it will be, if ever, before a researcher recognizes the import of that artifact and offers the National Archives an “acceptable” reason to justify its preservation via photography. Imagine the consequences of that twenty-third century researcher being informed by the National Archives that the skull model box contained nothing more than a pile of bone-colored dust. (Letter from the author to the JFK Special Access and FOIA staff)

A frustrating year passed as I struggled to coax the NARA staff into acting like archivists. Then, in a stroke of luck, a JFK staffer stumbled across a set of photographs taken of the “skull model” during a 1996 preservation project conducted by NARA. Fulgham called to inform me of the discovery. Again I was ecstatic! Fulgham promised to mail me copies of the photographs of the skull. Finally, after a year-and-a-half struggle with NARA, I would be able to see what Baden and Dox had done, or not done.

The package arrived as promised and I eagerly ripped into it like a child on Christmas morning. The moment of truth had arrived. Eighteen images and 1996 NARA preservation report describing the state of the artifact were contained within. Two photographs from that black and white series follow in Figures H-5 and H-6 below:

Figure H-5    Posterio-superior view of the “skull model.”

Figure H-6   Lateral view of the “skull model.”

I was astounded by what I saw. I was also mightily crestfallen. Incredibly, and in direct contradiction to what Fulgham told me over the phone, there was no exit portal drawn on the skull! Nor were there any paper bone fragment replications! There weren’t even loose pieces of paper of any type! The “skull model,” it turns out, was that marked by autopsy prosectors Humes and Finck at the HSCA’s request (September 16, 1977, and March 12, 1978, respectively).[28] I was at a complete loss to understand how Fulgham reported what he did.

Fulgham and NARA had wasted enormous amounts of my time and effort. Worse still, I would have to continue to speculate about the FPP skull reconstruction. To put it mildly, I was not happy. I cooled off for several days before responding. Then, one and a half years after the initial conversation with Fulgham, I called him again. Not surprisingly Fulgham only vaguely recalled the conversation, and could recall no substantive details, even when I refreshed his memory with the notes I’d taken that day. To the present day, I have serious doubts about whether Fulgham (no longer with JFK Special Access and FOIA) really did go to the “skull model” box and peek inside.

In the final analysis, it is possible that the “skull model” in the Archives could actually be the Baden/Dox skull after all. Perhaps Dox and Baden drew the defect on the lacquered skull in pencil and later erased all evidence of it to cover their tracks. The paper fragments might likewise have been discarded. There seemed a slim avenue left to explore; contact the medical illustrator who’d created the work—Ida Dox.

Given that she’d indicated her desire to keep her original artworks when the HSCA was finished with them,[29] I reasoned that Ida Dox might conceivably also have retained possession of the skull itself or photographs of it. So it came to pass that I placed the first of two telephone calls to Dox. Although I was respectful and explained that I had one simple question to ask, Dox was extremely hostile from the outset. She demanded to know “who are you with?” I explained that I was not “with” anyone or any agency, but that I was a private citizen who was attempting to locate the skull model. I asked if she had any “information as to its current whereabouts or ultimate disposition.” Although she could have hung up the phone, she did not. She listened to the question, and then asked again whom I was “with.” I started to explain again, but Dox cut me off mid-sentence. Dox's hostility intensified and it became obvious that I was wasting my time, so I ended the phone call.

For reasons that will become apparent in the pages ahead, the skull’s disappearance and Dox’s reticence to discuss the matter are no accident.

A Vanished Illustration

The FPP members, if any of them beyond Baden and Weston ever saw the finished skull model, were apparently originally confident enough in their work that they’d intended to prop up their written conclusion with an illustration of the results of the skull reconstruction effort. Each member of the FPP (except Wecht) approved (via signature) the “final draft” of the Forensic Pathology Panel Report in mid-December 1978, page fifty-seven of which read:[30]

Figure 32 is the same scale drawing depicted in Figure 31 [JFK F-66 (See Figure H-4)], with the attached bone fragments replaced in approximate anatomic position and the four separately received bone fragments replaced in the remaining defect. The approximate location of the only identifiable exit defect is also indicated [emphasis added].

“Figure 32” referenced above was a sister drawing to F-66 (Figure H-4 above), the distinction being that unlike F-66 which shows the fragments flying through the air, “Figure 32” showed them replaced on the skull within the defect. That illustration represented the culmination of the FPP single exit wound analysis/conclusions, which flowed exclusively from the skull reconstruction.

In what is one of the great mysteries surrounding the work of the FPP, that keystone illustration, intended by the FPP members to be published in their Report, was made to vanish. Incredibly, in the interim between the time the panel members approved the final draft of their Report (mid-December, 1978) and the time it was published (March, 1979), that illustration (alleged to demonstrate that there was only one exit point on Kennedy’s skull) and its associated text were removed.[31]

In Figure H-7 below, I put together a schematic version of what the missing illustration would likely have shown. The drawing is not meant to convey the shape of the fragments or their location on the skull. Rather, it is intended to help the reader visualize what the missing illustration must have looked like.

Figure H-7. The author’s schematic reconstruction of the missing “F-32” Dox illustration with the ejected bone fragments replaced on the skull.[32]

The elimination of that most crucial of illustrations, its associated text, and the skull itself suggests that someone outside the FPP was aware of what we are about to discover; the FPP version of the damage pattern is demonstrably impossible.

The FPP Got It Wrong 

It is important to reiterate that the FPP claimed to have physically replaced paper tracings of the Harper and Triangular fragments on a skull in such a manner that they abutted one another and completed a single point of exit within the perimeter of the bony defect in the skull. I read and reread the paragraph in the FPP Report explaining how the fragments were supposed to fit the skull (7HSCA124 (324)). Then I would look at the F-66 illustration on the facing page (Figure H-4 above). My previous experience with technical illustration had trained me to visualize two-dimensional objects in three dimensions, and vise versa. When I arranged the skull fragments in my mind’s eye as the FPP indicated, the claim seemed impossible. So I decided to put it to the test. Not being able to examine the original artifact presented surmountable hurdles; it would be necessary to duplicate the work of the FPP by constructing a scale re-creation of the FPP skull hole, skull bevel, and paper bone fragments. I employed a three-step process to accomplish this using anatomic information and medical illustrations contained in the FPP Report, unpublished documents from the once-secret HSCA files, and a life–sized plastic model cast from a human skull.

My Reconstruction

Step 1 – Create a Scale Replication of the Skull Defect per the FPP

Firstly, the shape and location of the skull defect as seen in the F-66 illustration (Figure H-4 above) had to be defined. This was accomplished by constructing a scale three-view drawing based upon the two-dimensional F-66 illustration, which was described in the FPP Report as a “scale drawing of the frontal and right side of a human skull”,[33] and which was based upon the unseen skull. In addition to F-66, I utilized various dimensions and descriptions of the damage listed in FPP Report, the reports of various radiological and anthropological consultants, and the Photographic Evidence Panel's Trajectory Analysis. Once the relevant anatomic data had been collated and analyzed, I then reconstructed the defect point-for-point on scale illustrations of Kennedy as seen in profile and from the rear (F-58 and F-307, respectively). The damage was then extended to a top view, which was then rendered. Thus, the F-66 skull hole had been plotted as a scaled 3-view drawing. The result is shown in Figure H-8 below.

Figure H-8 (F-58 and F- 307)

The above re-creation is not represented to be a 100% precise 3-view depiction of the 2-dimensional FPP skull hole. It is, however, quite close, and more than sufficient for its purposes here. The anatomic data from the 3-view drawing was then transferred onto on a life–sized plastic cast of a human skull utilizing the same point-for-point method used above.[34] I then cut the skull along the replicated margin of the FPP defect. The result is a scale, 3-dimensional reconstruction of the skull hole as the FPP defined it. (See Figure H-9)

Figure H-9. The author’s scale re-creation of the FPP X-ray-based JFK skull defect.

It is important to note at this point that although it was never explicitly stated in the FPP Report, according to the FPP, the skull defect extended no farther forward than the coronal suture. That is to say that the frontal bone was intact, save the small chipped area of the “exit bevel” the FPP reported seeing in the photographs. This effectively confined the Harper and Triangular fragments to the right parietal; a restraint, it will be shown, the FPP knew was unjustified.

Baden commented on the forward extent of the bony defect during his testimony before the HSCA:

[T]he drawing to your right [F-66], indicates the path of the bullet entering the right upper head region approximately 1 inch to the right of the midline of the body and approximately 4 inches above a bony prominence in the back of the head, the external occipital protuberance which is depicted here.
This bullet, then, proceeds from back to front exiting in the area of the suture line, that I mentioned earlier, the coronal suture line as depicted on the drawing, causing a semicircular defect in the frontal bone of the skull [emphasis added]. (1HSCA253)

From Baden’s testimony, it becomes evident that with the exception of a “semi-circular defect”, i.e. the supposed exit bevel, the FPP defect extended no further forward than the coronal suture. The forward-most extent of the bony defect as the FPP defined it was confirmed through a comparison of the F-66 illustration mentioned by Baden and its counterpart, F-65.[35]

Step 2 – Create Scale Replications of the Triangular and Harper Fragments

I made high-resolution computer scans of an 8x10 photograph of the F-66 illustration at the National Archives (see Figure H-4, above). According to Dr. Baden, “the four bone fragments” in that illustration were “drawn to scale in relation to each other, but not to the skull.”[36] I scaled the image of the four fragments up to life size using a powerful computer image-editing program, Photoshop 5.5.[37] The accuracy of the resizing was verified by comparing dimensions of the Harper and Triangular fragments listed in the FPP Report, the autopsy protocol, and using the scale reference in the photographs of the Harper fragment against those in the computer image file.

I then printed the scaled image of the Harper and Triangular fragments on paper. Transparency film was then placed over the image of the fragments and the outlines were traced with a red marker. The film was then cut along borders of the fragments and I had transparent, life-sized copies of the two bone fragments.

Step 3 – Place the Fragments on the Skull as Described in the FPP Report

The skull defect and skull fragments having been replicated, the final task was to place the fragments on the skull in the manner described by the FPP. This accomplished, I had duplicated the work of the FPP to scale, and in three-dimensional form. The results are depicted in Figure H-10 below:

Figure H-10. Hunt’s re-creation of the FPP skull reconstruction-derived single exit site.[38]

Figure H-10 demonstrates how the FPP contend the two fragments fit onto the skull in relation to the skull “bevel” and skull defect; the Triangular and Harper fragments are in the parietal bone and abut one another, completing a single exit hole.

As my re-creation demonstrates, the FPP account of the reconstruction is clearly impossible; there is nowhere near enough room to accommodate both the Harper and Triangular fragments at the front of the FPP defect. Yet the FPP claimed to have physically done just that! Now we see that their “single-outshoot” conclusion was nothing more than hollow words on a page.

The FPP wrote that the Harper fragment “complete[d] the circular perforation in the suture line immediately superior to the temporal bone” [emphasis added].[39] What that means is that according to the FPP, the skull hole must have extended right down to the squamous suture which marks the juncture of the lower parietal and upper temporal bones. Yet, the FPP’s very own illustration and the extant lateral X-ray show that clearly not to be the case. According to the FPP itself, a fracture fragment (tinted yellow in Figure H-11 below) is located exactly where the FPP told us the Harper fragment fit the skull.

Figure H-11. The fracture fragment highlighted in yellow above is visible on the No. 2 lateral autopsy X-ray. The fragment is present in the autopsy photographs as well, but has been reflected outward, apparently hinged on a flap of scalp or pericranium such that it is in a different orientation when compared to the X-ray.

Notice that the yellow-tinted fracture fragment, which is comprised of parietal bone, extends from the squamous suture (the inferior border of the parietal bone and superior border of the temporal bone) right up to the inferiolateral margin of the FPP skull defect. Obviously, and despite the fact that the FPP says it is so, the Harper fragment cannot be so located for the reason that bone is already present at that point!

How could the FPP possibly claim in good faith to have stuffed the Triangular and Harper fragments into the same 90-degree corner to arrive at a single exit site?

How Did the FPP Fail So Convincingly?

The nine forensic pathologists who joined the HSCA’s Forensic Pathology Panel accepted four charges as a condition of appointment to the panel, the third of which was:

To compile recommendations regarding those matters deemed to be outside the expertise of forensic pathologists. (7HSCA75.)

The FPP members were not expert in every area of forensic science and so were obligated to seek consultation in those areas outside the realm of forensic pathology. Forensic radiology is one such discipline, forensic anthropology another. In discharging their duty as outlined in Charge No. 3, the FPP members wrote:

The panel should meet with Dr. J. Lawrence Angel, a forensic anthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution, to review the X-rays and photographs of the skull and skull bones to assist it in simulating a repositioning of the skull fragments within the defect of the right side of the skull and in locating more precisely the missile exit defect indicated by the beveling on two separately recovered skull fragments. (This meeting occurred on Sept. 17, [sic, they met on the 16th.] 1977.) (7HSCA78 (223) )

Dr. Angel, a well-respected and experienced forensic anthropologist, assisted the FBI on many occasions, and “reported on over 565 cases and testified as an expert witness in 18 murder trials.”[40] Angel, Curator of Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution offered the HSCA the benefit of his considerable expertise.  After examining the photographs and X-rays on three separate occasions,[41] Angel submitted a detailed report in which he set out his anatomic relocation of the Harper and Triangular fragments.[42] It comes as no surprise that anthropologist Angel justified his opinions by citing specific anatomic features.

Angel’s placement of the Harper fragment was based upon the perceived presence of vascular foramina,[43] sagittal suture,[44] and grooves of the meningeal vessels.[45] There is but one specific place on the human skull where those three anatomic features can be found in tandem—the rear third of the top of the head adjacent to the midline. Along with his report, Dr. Angel submitted a detailed illustration outlining his anatomic relocation of the skull fragments.[46] Dr. Angel’s drawing is reproduced below.  (See Figure H-12, on which I have tinted the Harper fragment blue and the Triangular fragment red.)

Figure H-12. The drawing prepared by Dr. Angel on which the Harper fragment has been tinted blue and the Triangular fragment red by the author.

Note the Harper fragment’s rearward position according to Angel, and the fact that it does not touch the Triangular fragment, which is situated anterior to the coronal suture in the frontal bone.

Dr. Angel offered specific, anatomical justifications for his Harper fragment placement, correct or not. The FPP, on the other hand, offered no justification whatsoever in support its obviously incorrect “placement” of the Harper fragment.

Ultimately, the FPP simply told us that the Harper fragment belonged at the right front of the skull without offering a single piece of evidence/analysis in support of that contention. The FPP lamely wrote that they “attempted to locate the correct position of these fragments,” but never elaborated on the process. Significantly, the FPP did not (and probably could not) refute or rebut the detailed analysis of the forensic anthropology expert they consulted. Nor did they bother to explain, justify, or even acknowledge their quiet, intellectually troublesome rejection of Dr. Angel’s opinions. In doing so, the FPP acted in a manner that was in complete contravention of the spirit and wording of Charge No. 3.[47]

Although Dr. Baden was not willing to refute Angel’s conclusions in his FPP Report or during his public testimony, he was willing to criticize Angel’s opinions in private. Baden told HSCA attorneyAndy Purdy on July 5, 1978 that “Larry Angel[‘s] report leaves holes. He appears to be inconsistent re: location of bone fragment; [I] doubt anything [any bone] missing + [doubt] accuracy of Angel report (2 set Angel diagram).”[48]

Indeed, Baden went further in private in December 1978. According to a report filed by Andy Purdy detailing his last-minute interview of Baden, Baden made the following comments:

JFK Exhibit # F-66 (drawing of skull with four displaced fragments)

Harper fragment is fragment on far left.  There is a photograph but no x-ray available of that fragment. The autopsy doctors did not have access to this fragment which was found sometime after the autopsy was completed. According to our Panel, their reconstruction using cut-outs permits them to determine that the Harper fragment includes part of the semi-circular defect which they characterize as one of exit (see Panel report p- 56). [NOTE: This matches the text of the FPP final draft. JH] The Panel saw no evidence that there were any other wounds, of entrance or exit, in the area of the massive skull defect.

Dr. Angel's report to the Panel indicated he felt there were three additional appreciable gaps remaining in the area of the skull defect.  Dr. Baden believes Dr. Angel's report did not take into account some of the skull pieces with [sic, probably “which”] overlap intact portions of the skull.  It is the Panel's opinion that there are probably no additional pieces of bone missing. (HSCA RN 180-10120-10023, pg 2)

Baden claimed to Purdy that their skull reconstruction showed that the four bone fragments completely filled the defect in the skull. We know that cannot, and could not, have been the case because there was, without question, missing frontal bone. Consider the following:

• Autopsy prosector, J.T. Boswell recalled the missing frontal bone for the ARRB and drew the hole on a plastic skull (see Figure H-12b, below).



• Although the autopsy report does not mention the missing frontal bone, Boswell’s blood-covered diagram drawn in the morgue during the autopsy clearly shows the missing frontal bone.[49]



• Autopsy ballistics consultant, Pierre Finck reported to his superior, General Bloomberg, that frontal bone was missing.[50]



• Dr. David Mantik noted and diagrammed the missing frontal bone during his exposure to the original X-rays at the National Archives.[51]



• HSCA Trajectory consultant, Thomas Canning independently recalled see missing frontal bone on the X-rays during our telephone conversation covering the sad treatment he received from Baden and Weston.[52]



• HSCA radiology and computer enhancement consultant, G.M. McDonnel reported the missing frontal bone in his report to the FPP.[53]



• Forensic Anthropologist, J. Lawrence Angel noted and diagramed the missing frontal bone in his report to the FPP.[54]

Figure H-12b. - Autopsy prosector, J.T. Boswell diagramed the missing frontal bone (tinted red by the author) for the ARRB. Photo taken by the author at NARA.

The fact that frontal bone is missing invalidates Baden’s claim to have filled in the entire skull defect, thus eliminating the possibility of a second headshot. Now take another look at Figure H-4 and try to imagine how the four fragments in F-66 could fit into the defect in Figure H-10.

Astoundingly, the FPP went on to leave the entirely false impression that Angel, in fact, agreed with their interpretation of the orientation of the bone fragments. Wrote the FPP:

Anthropologist Dr. Angel's evaluation of the “Harper bone fragment” indicates that it may include a portion of the sagittal suture which is probably in apposition (corresponds) to this [skull bone] exit defect [emphasis added]. (7HSCA119 (316))

Incredibly, the FPP claimed that Angel put the Harper fragment at the front of the head associating it with the skull bevel. The FPP could not be more wrong. The unequivocal text of Angel’s report and the drawing attached to it leave no room for doubt; Angel placed the Harper fragment at the top rear of the head. The FPP even quote that passage from Angel’s report on page 123 of their Report![55]

The FPP outright misrepresented what Angel reported, then reproduced his report as an addendum to their own Report! The FPP did not bother to inform the reader that Dr. Angel completely disagreed with their interpretation of the exit wound location and the orientation of the skull fragments relative to the exit portal. The FPP members can't claim that they were unaware of Dr. Angel’s opinion because their Report actually quotes the very section where Angel spells out where the fragments belonged:

(326) According to Dr. Angel’s report:

The two big loose fragments of skull vault [Harper and Triangular fragments], from upper frontal and parietal areas, more on the right than the left side, do not articulate with each other and leave three appreciable gaps unfilled [emphasis added]. (7HSCA128).

Dr. Angel was specifically tasked with orienting the fragments within the defect in the skull using the photographs and X-rays and he reported that the two large fragments did not touch each other. The FPP would leave the false impression that this expert agreed with their interpretation when they knew that was simply not true.

Another Critical Mistake by the FPP

The FPP placement of the Triangular fragment behind the coronal suture (that is to say the fragment was parietal bone as opposed to frontal) disregards the well-documented construction of the human skull.

No disagreement exists among the various forensic experts that the Triangular fragment contains a portion of the coronal suture (see Figure H-13).

Figure H-13.  The coronal suture is defined on the skull and Triangular fragment.

Dr. Angel recognized that the Triangular fragment came from the frontal bone. His anthropological expertise allowed him to match the curve of the coronal suture on the Triangular fragment to the curve of the coronal suture on the skull. The FPP likewise claimed the fragment’s suture was coronal, but had “determined” that the fragment was parietal bone.

Figure H-14. The FPP placement of the Triangular fragment behind the coronal suture is clearly in error. Dr. Angel’s conclusion based upon his anthropological expertise is obviously correct. [The area covered by the frontal bone appears too large to fit the front of the skull and not project into the skin of the forehead. JFK’s face was intact, and so the orientation here appears problematic. The odd appearance is due to the fact that the “bone fragment” has not been taped down to the skull in H-14. The paper bone fragment has been taped to the skull in illustration H-15. The triangular fragment is confined to the scalp-covered portion of the skull.]

Note that the orientation of the Triangular fragment has been reversed (flip-flopped) between the two views in Figure H-14. This is due to the fact that is not possible to tell from the X-rays whether the bone fragment was placed face up or down on the X-ray plate. Indeed, the FPP attempted “to determine which side of the bone fragments is which” when they interviewed and consulted with Dr. John Ebersole, who supervised the taking of the original X-rays.[56] According to Purdy’s December 1978 report, Baden is quoted as saying that Ebersole and the FPP “were unable to make this determination.”[57] Therefore, notwithstanding the curve of the coronal suture, either orientation could hypothetically be correct, but not both.

The FPP version has the curvature of the Triangular fragment and coronal suture in opposition, which is clearly wrong. Given that there is a substantial amount of missing frontal bone on the X-rays[58] and that the curvature of Kennedy’s coronal suture is definitely known,[59] Dr. Angel, not the Forensic Pathology Panel, was correct.

G.M. McDonnel and the Absent Frontal Bone

By March 1978, Aerospace Corporation of Los Angeles had been contracted to perform computer enhancements of the autopsy materials for the HSCA.[60] Charles (Chuck) Leontis, head of the Optical Systems Department at Aerospace suggested to the HSCA that Gerald M. (G.M., or Jerry) McDonnel, an expert diagnostic radiologist at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles, be given an opportunity to review the X-rays “in order to help us determine in which regions [of the X-rays] to focus our enhancement effort.”[61]

The HSCA concurred with Leontis, and McDonnel studied the original X-rays for four hours at Aerospace Corp. headquarters in El Segundo CA on March 7, 1978.[62] The next day, McDonnel submitted a report that closed with the suggestion that computer enhancement of the materials be made to bring out more detail.[63]

Aside from his radiological expertise, Dr. McDonnel possessed another specialized skill that would prove extremely useful to the HSCA and both the Photographic Evidence Panel (of which McDonnel would become a member) and the FPP; McDonnel was an expert in the emerging field of image digitization and computer enhancement and was a computer imaging consultant to Aerospace Corp.[64] In McDonnel, the FPP had an expert who could both apply his computer expertise to guide the technically complex process of computer enhancement, and then render an expert radiological opinion on the results obtained. If anyone held the promise of definitively determining the extent and nature of the damage to JFK's head as seen in the extant autopsy X-rays, it was G.M. McDonnel.

The HSCA again agreed with Leontis, and McDonnel was given the responsibility of guiding the autopsy X-ray enhancement efforts at Aerospace over a four-month period from March to June 1978.[65] By August 1978, the enhancement efforts had been completed and McDonnel submitted a second, more detailed report based upon his many months of exposure to the X-rays and enhancements.

But all had not gone smoothly behind the scenes between McDonnel and the FPP. Once-secret HSCA documents reveal that earlier that year on May 3, McDonnel told HSCA staffer, Jane Downey that he and FPP Report author Dr. James Weston were “communicating to solve their differences of opinion.”[66] Later that month (May 30), James Weston told HSCA attorney Andy Purdy that McDonnel wanted to see the FPP Report “to make sure Weston doesn’t misquote him. Mostly [regarding] the X-rays of the skull + chest.”[67] 

McDonnel was obviously concerned that Weston would not convey McDonnel’s opinions accurately. What caused McDonnel to distrust Weston and question his integrity? Had McDonnel and Weston’s recent attempt to “solve their differences of opinion” failed? Whatever the case, McDonnel was clearly suspicious of Weston.[68]

New light was shed on the nature of Weston and McDonnel’s disagreement when I contacted former Aerospace Corp. computer expert Robert Chiralo, who worked closely with McDonnel on the HSCA enhancement projects. Prior to that point, I’d privately speculated that the McDonnel/Weston disagreement was over the fact that McDonnel knew that a portion of Kennedy’s frontal bone was missing and the FPP intended to deny that fact against all reason. That speculation was bolstered when Chiralo independently recalled that:

I think it [the difference of opinion between McDonnel and Weston] was centering on the nature of the head wound. And what the fracturing of the bone indicated in terms of [the] direction [of the shot] [emphasis added]. (Telephone conversation with the author, December 21, 2002)

Among other findings, McDonnel reported that there was a “[n]early complete loss of right parietal bone, the upper portion of the right temporal bone, and a portion of the posterior [rear] aspect of the right frontal bone”[69] [emphasis added]. McDonnel knew full well that the posterior aspect of the frontal bone was missing. Yet Weston, Baden, and the FPP majority disregarded the opinion of the radiology/computer expert they consulted on this single point. In contravention of Charge No. 3, the FPP tacitly concluded that the frontal bone was intact.

McDonnel’s second, computer-enhancement-based radiology report was received by the HSCA on August 11, 1978.[70] The day before, Robert Blakey had cleared the way for yet another radiologist to view the autopsy X-rays, Dr. David O. Davis.[71]  Why would the FPP need yet another radiologist’s opinion? Apparently to combat McDonnel’s opinion that frontal bone was missing.

After his initial consultations with McDonnel in early March, 1978, Michael Baden was so impressed with McDonnel’s abilities was that he “wanted to know about the possibility of including McDonald [sic] in on more of the [Forensic Pathology] Panel findings.”[72] Now, months later, Baden and the FPP selectively threw one of McDonnel’s findings into the toilet. Why? Because, as we will shortly see, the FPP could not afford to have the rear of the frontal bone be missing.

Conclusions

Implication No. 1 — A deception was effected

Admittedly, it is difficult to conceive of men as experienced as those on the Forensic Pathology Panel offering up the obviously untenable conclusions they did. But the clear weight of the evidence tells us that is exactly what happened. Consider the following:

• The “single outshoot” claim made by the FPP on page 124 of the FPP Report is unambiguous.



• That claim as it exists in the FPP Report in volume VII is word-for-word the same conclusion the FPP endorsed as a part of their final draft. In this instance, no one altered the FPP Report, either by putting words into their mouths, nor taking any away.



• The “single outshoot” claim was said to have been based upon the skull reconstruction exercise.



• The FPP could never have repositioned the fragments within the skull defect in the manner they claimed to arrive at a single outshoot.

The fact is that the FPP claimed to have accomplished something we know they could not possibly have accomplished. Whatever else we may find out about the HSCA/FPP in the years to come, one thing is clear; the majority members of the FPP—Drs. John Coe, Joseph Davis, George Loquvam, Charles Petty (deceased), Earl Rose, Werner Spitz, James Weston (deceased), and Michael Baden—endorsed as a thorough and honest study of the medical aspects of the JFK assassination a document that clearly was not.

Without question, Dr. Michael Baden had a close hand in the skull reconstruction project;[73] he admitted as much while testifying before the HSCA.[74] Ida Dox confirmed that fact in her testimony before the HSCA.[75] There appear to be but two explanations for what occurred:

1.  Either Baden was a dullard and did not recognize the anatomic untenability of the alleged skull reconstruction as it stared him in the face,

2.  Or, Baden knew full well that the conclusions in his Report were physically impossible, and knowingly passed incorrect information onto the U.S. Government.

Whatever his shortcomings, Michael Baden is clearly no dullard. The question inevitably becomes, what motive drove the deception?

Implication No. 2 — The FPP gathered evidence indicating a possible exit point located at the top rear of Kennedy’s head, and then quashed that evidence.

The forward right half of Kennedy’s coronal suture was not on the skull when the X-rays and photographs were taken because the Triangular fragment (and its half of the coronal suture) had not yet arrived at the morgue. Likewise, and according to the FPP, the bone that makes up the other side of the coronal suture, the anterior-most portion of the parietal bone was not present on the skull at autopsy. Therefore, the “skull bevel” the FPP thought it saw in the photographs could not have been located on the coronal suture above pterion because no bone remained to evidence the suture. Taken in concert with the findings of Mantik, Angel, Boswell, Finck, Canning, and McDonnel that frontal bone was absent at that point, the coronal suture could not have been visualized on the lateral X-ray because it was not present. HSCA consulting radiologist Dr. David Davis seemed to confirm this when he reported “absence [of bone] present to a point approximately equivalent to where the coronal suture on the right side should be”[76] [emphasis added]. Yet it was Davis who apparently wrongly confined the skull defect to the right parietal in the first place!

It follows that if the FPP genuinely believed that both the skull photograph and Triangular fragment represented exit points, then there must have been at least two separate exit points in the forward part of JFK’s head: one on the Triangular fragment, and one on the skull itself. This is exactly what Larry Angel reported to the FPP and the FPP disingenuously disregarded. Ballistically speaking, this does not automatically mean that two separate bullets exited the front part of the head; it could be that one bullet fractured, then diverged created two exit points.

If the FPP genuinely believed that the Harper fragment evidenced a bullet’s exit point and if Angel was correct that the fragment originated from the top rear of the skull as all the evidence indicates, then another bullet exited at that point. Therefore, under an honest interpretation of the evidence, if the FPP could not stuff the “three exits” into one common, forwardly-located outshoot, then they would have to admit the evidence showed at least one frontal exit point and one rearward exit point. That would mean conspiracy (see Figure H-15).

Figure H-15. Under the FPP scenario, the possibility exists that a bullet exited the top rear third of Kennedy’s skull.[77]

The FPP claimed to have stuffed both the Harper and Triangular skull fragments where they knew they did not, and could not, fit. Why? Perhaps, the FPP grasped the implications of the evidence it gathered. Whatever the motive, the result of the their deception, which I believe was intentional, is clear; the FPP dishonestly and artificially simplified a complex and potentially momentous set of data to obfuscate the whisper of conspiracy.

In the final analysis, the FPP endorsed a Report that misrepresented the medical evidence and Michael Baden (at a minimum) had every reason to know it.

The HSCA sought to answer the question “was John Kennedy assassinated as the result of a conspiracy?” The answer rests today, as it did in the mid-1970s, on an accurate, forthright, honest review and interpretation of the extant medical evidence. That is not what we got from the HSCA Forensic Pathology Panel.

Epilogue — A Short but Telling Conversation with Ida Dox

After this essay had been substantially revised and peer-reviewed, I decided to place a second, follow-up call to Ida Dox.[78] I knew far more about the FPP shenanigans than at the time of our first encounter and was anxious to see how Dox would respond. On February 13, 2003, the following exchange took place (bold emphasis added):

HUNT:  I have a question for you. I was reading, um, about the House Select Committee, and, ah, the drawing that you did of the rendering of President Kennedy’s head. The one that has the bone fragments flying away from the skull…

DOX: Yes?

HUNT:  When you drew that drawing did you, I guess you used a human skull that was the same size and shape as President Kennedy’s. And, did you actually draw the defect in the skull on the skull itself?

DOX: Uh, you know, um. I-I don’t like to answer questions over the phone about this situation. All right?

HUNT: Yeah.

DOX: That’s my policy.

…moments later:

DOX:  - Listen. Ah, ah I don’t-I make-I have a policy; I never discuss this situation with anyone, especially over the phone! Alright?

HUNT: Okay.

DOX:  Bye.

HUNT: If I were to send you-if I were to send you, just, um, simple questions in the mail, would you,-

DOX:  -ah

HUNT:  -just for Hist- [“History’s sake” was what I was going to say. JH]

DOX:  No! I- As I said, I do not want to discuss this with anybody! Okay!?

HUNT:  Okay. Do you have those drawings?

DOX:  M-Bye!

HUNT: Okay (click).

When queried, Dox instinctively referred to the skull reconstruction process in the present tense as “this situation.” Of all the phraseology Dox might have employed, such as; “I don’t discuss my work for the HSCA;” or “I don’t discuss my work for the FPP;” or even, “I don’t discuss the Kennedy assassination,” she unhesitatingly responded in the present tense—“This situation.” What situation? Dox’s work for the HSCA was ostensibly harmless. She did nothing more than produce a few slick medical illustrations, right? 

Yet according to Dox, her work for the HSCA continues to be an ongoing “situation” twenty-five years after the fact, so much so that she “never discusses” it “with anyone.” Given our new understanding of the Forensic Pathology Panel’s “single-outshoot” ruse, Dox’s reticence to discuss her part in the process becomes significantly less mysterious.

John Hunt can be reached at johnhunt01@verizon.net

Notes and Citations

HSCAR43 refers to page 43 of the Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations, U.S. House of Representatives, published on March 30, 1979.

7HSCA176 refers to Volume VII, page 176 of the Hearings of the House Select Committee on Assassinations.

7HSCA176 (472) refers to Volume VII, page 176 of the Hearings of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, paragraph 472

HSCA RN 180-10091-10236, pgs 1, 2 refers to HSCA record series, Record Number 180-10091-10236, pages 1 and 2.

USSS RN 179-10001-10039 refers Record Number 179-10001-10039 of the Official Case File of the U.S. Secret Service.

FBI HQ RN 124-10017-10014 refers to Record Number 124-10017-10014 of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Headquarters files.

ARRB, MD50 refers to the Assassination Records Review Board, Medical Document number 50.

[35] F-65 and F-66 are two version of the same drawing. In the following illustration, Figure H-16, the outline of the skull and the shape of the suture lines was traced from F-66 (left panel) and laid over F-65 (right panel).

Figure H-16. Skull outline and suture lines traced from F-66 (left) and laid over F-65 (right panel).

 

The view of the skull and its suture lines is virtually identical, with F-65 being the more polished of the two.  Note that the coronal suture line from F-65 (left panel), when placed over F-66 (right panel), tracks the forward edge of the bony defect. Baden’s testimony has been confirmed through the FPP illustrations; according to the FPP, the defect in the skull extended no further forward than the coronal suture. Therefore, the Triangular and Harper skull fragments must be confined the area of missing bone in the right parietal.

[38] The FPP never identified where on the Harper fragment the exit was supposed to be located. As a result, we must guess at what they concluded. Given that there are but three reasonable orientations, one of the versions below in Figure H-17 likely represents the FPP version:

Figure H-17.

I chose to incorporate the middle version into the text as it most closely approximates the diameter of the FPP skull bevel exit hole.